Category: Uncategorized

Last month, USAID launched the Land Investor Survey, which intends to establish and analyze a database on private sector perceptions of land tenure risks and costs. The project will reach out to potential survey respondents that might have land-based investments by facilitating two phases of data collection. The first phase is open and will be used to identify qualified companies or investors that meet the general screening criteria. All investors are invited to complete the initial 10-minute survey by November 30, 2017.

Clear, enforceable land rights are essential for land-based investments. Nonetheless, developing land-based projects in many parts of the world is often challenging because of uncertain land rights – for instance, even when a developer holds the legal right to develop a project on a certain piece of land, local people may be using that land for agriculture, pasture, shelter, water sources, etc. Their rights are rooted in customary tenure systems, and they may protest development of the energy project.

Through participation in this new investor survey on land, help us build the case that: (1) clear, secure land rights are paramount for land-based investments; (2) substantial sums are left on the table when investors don’t pursue projects because of uncertain land rights; and (3) investors incur significant costs if protest, conflict or other project delays or abandonment because of land issues arise. Also, (4) help us shine a light on successful investments that benefit local landholders.

Investors, please share your experience by completing our initial 10-minute survey by November 30, 2017. To access this survey, please click here or copy and paste the URL below into your internet browser: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/LandInvestorSurvey.

Your individual responses are confidential and used solely for this project. The final report will report data in an aggregate form, with all identifiable information removed. The dataset will not be shared with the public.

If you have any questions, please contact survey@indufor-na.com. Thank you in advance for your participation!

USAID LandLinks hosted a webinar on “The Business Case for Land Rights: Private Sector Perspectives on Responsible Land-Based Investment” on November 2, 2017. Due to the high level of interest, there were more questions from the audience than we were able to answer. Our panelists, Jeff King (Hershey’s) and Olga Gormalova (ECOM Agroindustrial), took the time to answer some of the most interesting questions, which we share here:

Question: How do your approaches to land tenure affect women in cocoa communities—not only female-headed households, but women providing labor?

JEFF: We would advocate that these land-right changes would apply equally to both men and women, as women’s empowerment is a key tenant of CocoaAction. Many of the income diversification opportunities we help bring to these communities are targeted towards women.

Question: What concerns are women in cocoa communities voicing related to land tenure?

OLGA: Women face even more constraints when it comes to land ownership, many work on either plots that belong to their husband or husband’s family—hence in instances when the husband dies, the family of the husband can take over the farm without any benefit being passed on to the wife. There are various community based organizations that encourage husbands to legally assign a plot to the wife—if adopted, this would improve women’s land ownership rights.

Question: Do you know how many cocoa farms in Ghana do not have proper land tenure?

JEFF: This is very hard to estimate, as we are still collecting the data across our supply chain on the different types of land ownership to truly know the breakdown between owners of land and other forms of tenure. However, as discussed in the pilot documents, the laws are not favorable towards anyone trying to secure new land and are complicated should someone wish to sell land to another person. Additionally, the tree tenure laws (that the farmer does not actually have ownership of timber on their farm), act as a disincentive for farmers to plant shade trees which can help mitigate climate change, improves the yield of cocoa, and could act as a future revenue source for farmer.

OLGA: One resource that might address this question is the USAID Assessment of Land Tenure-Related Constraints to Cocoa Productivity in Ghana, which notes on page five that, “Land tenure in Ghana is governed by a pluralistic legal system, in which customary and statutory tenure systems overlap. Approximately 20 percent of land in Ghana is owned by the State, and governed by statutory law. The rest, approximately 80 percent of all land, is governed through customary tenure arrangements and vested in chiefs or other customary authorities. The vast majority of cocoa is farmed on customary land.” This is not to say that all customary land arrangements are not clear or undocumented, but a large portion of these arrangements is oral—hence insecure.

Question: I am here with a group of students. We are finding it a bit counter-intuitive that these businesses that rely on a steady supply of cocoa are encouraging crop and income diversification. Could this be a bit more explored or explained?

JEFF: The ultimate objective is to ensure cocoa farming as a prosperous and long-term viable business for the farmer, thereby securing the future of cocoa—of which you rightly indicate we all want to see a steady supply. Diversification provides a more stable business for the cocoa farmers in three primary ways:

1. Steadier stream of income. Cocoa farmers get two harvests per year, one large and one small. This large period of time between harvests can create economic strain on the family. By having other sources of income, this revenue cycle is smoother between harvests.
2. Mitigate the natural price movement in crop prices. All crops have natural movement in prices, this is no different for West African cocoa farming, vs. US corn or dairy farmers. By having multiple sources of income, farmers are not over-reliant on a single crop and will be less impacted by these natural price fluctuations.
3. Greater participation by women in generating household income. Many of these income diversification opportunities are run by women. This increases the earning potential of the farming household, but also acts as a strong empowerment vehicle for the women in these communities.

Question: What were the insecurity issues and what are other lucrative income generating opportunities for farmers in this area of Ghana?

OLGA: The main issue is when the farmer knows that when he cuts down his aged cocoa farm, he will lose the right to that farm, or will have to renegotiate the arrangement, so many of the farmers opt not to cut the farm (40 percent of cocoa farms in Ghana are aged). There are opportunities for farmers in food crops like cabbage, tomatoes, rice and maize—but these are perishable crops and farmers need to look for markets (unlike cocoa which has a secure market—if you have cocoa beans then anyone can convert it into cash at any time).

Question: Could you please elaborate on what kind of adaptation/resilience plans Hershey’s is working on for cocoa farming and farmers in terms of changing climate?

JEFF: Hershey’s is working with the World Cocoa Foundation on the Climate Smart Cocoa program, which is a partnership between WCF members, USAID, and the governments of Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana, identifying and enabling methods to encourage farmers to utilize climate smart agricultural practices including zero deforestation. Additionally, Hershey’s is a signatory of the Cocoa & Forest Initiative, under which we are developing our company plans on how to support ensuring zero deforestation in cocoa including reforestation programs.

Question: What led to the shift from managing supply chains to managing farms and farmers? This presumably costs you more—are the benefits greater than the costs? Have you measured costs and benefits?

OLGA: ECOM has developed its new service of farm management and rehabilitation out of frustration that farmers were not adopting recommended practices we trained them on. So when we are questioned about impact (by our chocolate maker clients) it is very hard to show that adoption happens at farmer and farm level. The reasons why smallholders are not investing sufficiently in their existing plantations are varied and complex. The adoption issue is more complex than just lack of knowledge. One of the other key factors is limited ability of many smallholders to access credit (also due to lack of any land documentation). Chocolate makers are not traditionally used to financing these types of interventions, as they could instead be opportunities for businesses like micro-finance or agro-inputs dealers. Existing businesses do not seem to reach all the farmers, and since ECOM invested a long time in establishing a good primary procurement network, we wanted to use this as an opportunity—instead of just buying cocoa through the same channel, we developed various services for farmers.

At the beginning costs outweigh benefits, but over time if the business opportunities of working closer at the farm and farmer level is well developed—plus we tap into wealth of our knowledge—we believe our business will also be more sustainable and diversified.

Originally appeared on Exposure.

LEARNING FROM THE PAST

The USAID E3/Land and Urban Office recently launched the MAST Learning Platform, an interactive digital resource site that brings together tools, technical documentation, software code, demos, and lessons learned from the Mobile Applications to Secure Tenure (MAST) projects in Tanzania, Zambia, and Burkina Faso, as well as work performed under the three-year (2017-2020) USAID Land Technology Solutions (LTS) Project. The LTS Project, which is designed to refine MAST and support its expansion into new countries, offers USAID Missions and implementing partners a variety of tools and services. These include the design or support to land mapping activities and pilot projects, development of country-specific customized MAST technology solutions, or training to build mapping capacity at the local, regional, and national levels.

MAST LEARNING PLATFORM

The MAST Learning Platform is a knowledge portal that centralizes information, tools, lessons-learned, and best practices from existing MAST projects, as well as upcoming MAST activities under the LTS Project. Through the Learning Platform, users can access details and lessons learned from current or past MAST projects in Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Zambia, as well as guides on how to use the MAST participatory approaches and technology. Users can also find information, access the MAST code, or even contribute to the MAST software development at the MAST software Github. The platform is a living resource and will feature regular updates and contributions from MAST users and projects.

Purpose of the MAST Learning Platform

• The MAST Learning Platform is an interactive hub that provides a central, one-stop-shop for documentation, analysis, and resources from MAST projects in Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Zambia, as well as upcoming new MAST projects to be implemented by the Land Technology Solutions Project and via other USAID programs.
• The Learning Platform serves the broader development sector, as well as specific communities of practice, including USAID Missions and implementing partners. Users are invited to contribute information or posts or follow and attend upcoming events.
• The resources on the platform make it easy for USAID Missions to integrate land or resource mapping into economic growth, value chain, market development, biodiversity conservation, women’s economic empowerment, and other programming.
• The Platform contains tools, implementation guides, lessons-learned, case studies, video demonstrations and more, and is updated regularly with new offerings.
• The platform features an interactive demonstration of the MAST application used in Tanzania so users can explore how the mobile application functions to inventory and document land information.
• You can also access the software code or contribute to the software development through the MAST Software Github.

Benefits to USAID Missions of Using MAST

Using MAST participatory approaches and tools helps vulnerable populations clarify resource rights. In turn, this directly supports USAID strategic priorities outlined in the Global Food Security Strategy,  USAID Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Policy, the USAID Biodiversity Policy, and more.

Unclear or insecure property rights contribute to conflict over land and natural resources and can undermine efforts to promote women’s empowerment, reduce poverty, develop markets, or strengthen agricultural value chains. This is particularly true where land governance is weak and demand for land from individuals, communities, companies, and governments has increased.

MAST in the Field: A Proven Approach and Easy-to-Use Technology

The MAST Learning Platform includes examples of how MAST has been used successfully in the field to map and register community and individual resources. In Burkina Faso, MAST improved the ease with which people and communities could record their land rights, reducing the potential for conflict over land. In Tanzania, the MAST community participatory mapping process helped identify and negotiate family land allocations, potentially avoiding or resolving lengthy family land disputes. Participants in the MAST process in Tanzania noted that they expected conflicts would decrease in the future because their land rights had been clarified and secured. For more examples, see MAST in the Field.

USAID LAND TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS (LTS) PROJECT: SERVICES FOR USAID MISSIONS

The LTS project offers services to USAID Missions and partners through integrated knowledge transfer, capacity building, and technical assistance. LTS is designed to enhance MAST and support its integration into new projects. LTS can help Missions integrate land and resource mapping into new project design or provide technical assistance to rapidly deploy pilot activities. LTS can also provide guidance in local customization of the MAST technology and tools. Please see the LTS Fact Sheet for more information.

Services Offered by the Land Technology Solutions (LTS) Project

1. Guidance in the design of specialized land or resource mapping activities.
2. Training and capacity building for host-country counterparts and USAID Mission staff.
3. Technical guidance and needs assessments for the development of country-specific, customized versions of the MAST technology.
4. Technical assistance to incorporate land or natural resource mapping into existing or upcoming programs.

To learn more: www.land-links.org/MAST or see the LTS Fact Sheet.

To coordinate LTS services, please contact Ioana Bouvier, USAID E3 Senior Geospatial Analyst and LTS Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) at ibouvier@usaid.gov or Stephen Brooks, Alternative COR, at sbrooks@usaid.gov

Tell us about yourself.

I am the Private Sector Team Lead in USAID/Tanzania’s Economic Growth office. I manage a broad portfolio which includes, in addition to land, private enterprise development, investment, trade, access to finance, agribusiness, agriculture value chains and policy reforms related to each of these areas. Specific to land, I currently manage a land regularization contract named “Feed the Future Tanzania Land Tenure Assistance” Activity (LTA). This program seeks to: i) clarify and document land ownership; ii) increase local understanding of land use and land rights, and iii) support land use planning. The activity is currently mapping 250 rural land plots per day and will ultimately result in the documentation (digital and hard copy) of approximately 60,000 parcels for around 25,000 individuals in 41 villages.

I also coordinate USAID/Tanzania’s involvement with a randomized control trial impact evaluation (IE) that seeks to evaluate LTA’s land registration activities across five dimensions: 1) tenure security and land management; 2) land disputes; 3) investment and land use; 4) empowerment; and 5) economic and environmental outcomes. The IE fills an important information gap in that, while USAID and others have been exploring different approaches for documenting land ownership and sustainable land investment, there have been few rigorous evaluations of the impact of more formal approaches and outcomes from the formalization of customary tenure systems.

Furthermore, I directly engage with the Government of Tanzania through a variety of platforms for policy reform in an effort to provide input on changes to laws, acts, regulations, and procedures in the land sector, particularly around land registration and administration. This engagement is often conducted in unison with other development partners engaging on land issues in Tanzania including the World Bank, DFID, SIDA, DANIDA, FAO and a few local NGOs.

Why is land tenure/property rights important to your work at USAID?

I feel that land tenure security is essential for long-term, sustained economic growth. Not only does improved land tenure and property rights support broad-based, small scale investment, but it also facilitates better stewardship of the land, empowers disenfranchised groups, including women and youth, and is capable of solidifying land rights in a way that has the ability to significantly support conflict or dispute resolution. Each of these goals feature prominently in Tanzania’s Country Development and Cooperation Strategy and can benefit a segment of populations in developing countries which may otherwise turn to more nefarious pursuits if access to land in predominantly agriculture-based economies is not available for more productive endeavors.

What are some of the biggest challenges you see in addressing land tenure/property rights issues? And how are we tackling these challenges?

Perhaps the biggest challenge is the reality that there can be some very negative consequences for land reform interventions if not carefully thought out and implemented. Even the best-laid plans can fall apart due to government actions which are beyond the control of development partners, yet the reputation of the development partner is still in jeopardy if people are displaced, land-related conflicts erupt or land speculation drives costs to levels only available to elites. Development professionals engaging in the land sector should constantly keep this in mind and be aware of worrisome trends when they emerge. With this awareness, I find it best to reinforce the message that assistance is provided from the development partner to the responsible government unit, the District Land Office in our case, to deliver a public service that supports (positive and beneficial) national goals.

Another challenge is to overcome the opinion on the part of many that land registration, in and of itself, is a worthwhile pursuit. Mapping, demarcating, adjudicating and registering land is really only the first step in a much larger process. Developing a functional land administration system to which registered lands can feed into and be tracked as subsequent transactions involving those transactions take place should be the real goal. This can be a massive and off-putting endeavor on a national scale. However, it may be somewhat feasible to institute a sub-national (district) level land administration system, supported by transaction fees, as an example of something that could be scaled up over time as resources permit.

Finally, the idea that land registration and documentation automatically leads to increased tenure security needs to be challenged more often. It is the rule of law that backs up the certificate of registration or title that provides the tenure security, not the other way around. Each of these observations have obvious implications for any effort aimed at designing and implementing a land intervention.

What are some successes USAID has achieved in the land sector?

I designed and am currently implementing an activity that is demonstrating how to accomplish large-scale land use planning and registration at an affordable price (from $35/parcel to under $9), with high credibility and integrity, compliance with the law and in strong partnership with government at all levels. I feel particularly good about my direct negotiations with the Minister of Lands to change administrative procedures in a way that allows batch processing thereby greatly increasing cost efficiencies and allowing scalability. The activity itself will end up registering only about 60,000 parcels, but the tools, field procedures, public outreach materials and legal revisions allowing the batch processing of applications for customary title are already being adopted by another development partner initiative seeking the registration of about 250,000 parcels. The government of Tanzania is also adopting the tools and methodology outright for the small budgets they allocate each year to land regularization allowing them to increase their outcomes four-fold. Finally, the intervention package is being considered for use in a much larger land regularization activity within the country which may result in the registration of parcels for a significant percentage of Tanzania’s population.

Final thoughts?

Clearly define your goals, expectations, and theory of change prior to entering into land interventions. Identify your expected outcomes and set up systems to determine if and when you meet them. Most importantly, though, be constantly vigilant in watching for indications for the potential pitfalls of land regularization–land speculation, displacement of people, disenfranchisement, etc.

Also, kudos to the E3 Land and Urban Office for their significant efforts over the last two years to more effectively communicate to stakeholders across the board, internally and externally, regarding the value of land regularization. The efforts are noticeable and positive.

Originally appeared on Africa Business Communities.

Eleven years since the establishment of the Land Policy Initiative, a ceremony was held in the presence of African Ministers and experts that launched the African Land Policy Centre (ALPC) in the margins of the second meeting of the AU Specialized Technical Committee (STC) on Agriculture, Rural Development, Water and Environment under the theme: “Enhancing environmental and agricultural transformation to achieve food and nutrition security in advancing Agenda 2063.”

Speaking at the launch, Josefa Sacko, AU Commissioner for Rural Economy and Agriculture welcomed the launch of the ALPC stating, “if the land is not well governed and sustainably managed we will not reach our set targets on increased agricultural productivity in accordance with the 2014 Malabo Declaration on Agriculture.”

“I strongly believe that our success in achieving the continent’s vision of transformed economies and prosperous Africans depends on our genuine ownership of targets, plans and actions towards this vision,” she said.

Ms. Sacko affirmed the decision by the Ministers attending the STC this week, who stressed that the African Land Policy Centre, “needs to be stronger in capacity and reach than the LPI, in order to support Member States to domesticate AU Decisions in their efforts to develop land policies, reform institutions and build land information systems to improve the governance of land.”

For his part, Stephen Karingi, Director of the Capacity Development Division at the ECA spoke on behalf of the Executive Secretary, Ms. Vera Songwe and said, the launch of the ALPC marks an important milestone in the implementation of the 2009 AU Declaration on Land Issues and Challenges in Africa, which called for the “establishment of an appropriate institutional framework to provide coordination of the follow-up activities and facilitate mutual learning by member states as they develop and review their land policies.”

“The African Land Policy Centre will serve as a means to strengthen and sustain Africa’s capacity to coordinate Member States and other actors in the implementation of the AU Declaration on Land Issues and Challenges,” he added.

Established in 2006 by the ECA, African Union Commission and the African Development Bank, the Secretariat of the Land Policy Initiative (LPI) has been hosted by the ECA with a small staff of experts charged with providing technical inputs on a number of initiatives, notably, the implementation of the AU Declaration on Land in accordance with the Framework and Guidelines on Land and other activities aimed at building evidence and reaching consensus towards improving land governance for economic and social transformation, improving environmental management and enhancing peace and security.

Between 2012 and 2013, the ECA provided technical input to the Secretariat as it led in consultations towards a study that produced recommendations to establish the Centre and presented to the inaugural African Union Specialized Technical Committee in 2015.

“Today, we are making an important step to implement the STC decision to establish and capacitate the African Land Policy Centre to provide leadership, coordination, build partnerships and promote policy advocacy in support of member states,” she said.

The Centre is expected to work closely with Member States to build sex-disaggregated databases to track commitments through the monitoring and evaluation of land governance in Africa beyond the 12 Member States currently implementing the Monitoring and Evaluation of Land in Africa (MELA) project – a pilot study to track progress in the implementation of the African Union Declaration on Land Issues and Challenges.

ALPC will continue the work begun by the LPI, such as strengthening capacities of universities through the Network on Land Governance in Africa (NELGA) to improve training, research and monitoring. In addition, following the endorsement by the STC this week of the Guidelines for the Development Curricula on Land Governance in Africa developed by the LPI, the ALPC will continue the work of improving the quality of land professionals to address Africa’s realities.

“Through land governance programmes in our Regional Economic Communities, we shall have a stronger mechanism to respond to Member States’ needs,” said Karingi.

The African Union’s STC concludes its work on Friday. It aims to review the relevant strategic goals and linkages in ongoing agriculture, rural development, water and environment related initiatives and their implications on the achievement of the overarching goals set out in the ten-year implementation plan of Africa’s Agenda 2063, to transform Africa.

Learn more at UNECA.