Document Type: Monitoring and Evaluation

This assessment attempts to provide knowledge, particularly on the land and property rights arrangements, and implications for natural resource management, tourism and income generation. To that end, the assessment examines the following themes and how they constrain or enhance performance at targeted sites: • Land ownership and control – customary and statutory land tenure systems, and the changing nature of these systems; • Land redistribution and rights formalization – legal and illegal land allocation, settlement programs, compulsory acquisition, land sub-division/ privatization; • Land and natural resource use and management – customary/statutory rights to natural resources, common property resource management, land and resource conflicts, constraints to investment, and benefit sharing; • Land administration institutions – adjudication processes, land registration, and planning. The assessment takes a critical look at the various models of conservation (tourism) enterprises being promoted, establishes a framework for the analysis of these models, and identifies implications for the Kenya draft National Land Policy (dNLP).

The assessment examined how issues related to Land Tenure and Property Rights (LTPR), is impacting success of small and medium scale agricultural enterprises. The assessment team focused on issues of: i) regularization of rights to agricultural land; ii) access to land markets; iii) diversification of local livelihood; and iv) issues of equitability and efficiency in land administration system. The assessment provided USAID/Kenya with an understanding of how the draft Kenya National Land Policy (KNLP) might impact sustainability and growth of the small and medium-scale farming sector.

Under the USAID Lesson Learned: Property Rights and Natural Resource Management (GLT2) Task Order, ARD, Inc. developed a land tenure and property rights (LTPR) impact assessment tool. USAID/Washington and ARD worked with USAID/Ecuador to field test the tool as well as conduct a rapid impact assessment of the Conservation in Areas Managed by Indigenous Groups Project (CAIMAN) and the Southern Border Integration Program (PSUR). Both projects sought to strengthen territorial rights of indigenous nationalities: the Cofán nationality in the case of CAIMAN and the Shuar nationality in the case of PSUR. The assessment team applied the tool in order to understand the impact of CAIMAN and PSUR LTPR activities on objectives defined by the projects at their outset. In particular, the team sought to distill: 1) the combination of factors that contributed to outcomes corresponding to project objectives; and 2) the outcomes resulting from the LTPR interventions implemented by the projects, whether they were expected or unexpected.

PRA assessments of pilot villages in the PRADD Central African Republic project.

USAID has been promoting land privatization throughout the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe with the hope that private ownership and clear land ownership rights will promote rural development in the region. Privatization of land holdings has been seen as a critical component of securing land rights, increasing opportunities for provision of credit, and providing incentives for greater investments in land and improved environmental management. This report is one of three reports that explore the relationship between land privatization and economic and environmental outcomes in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (E&E). The three reports include two Country Case Studies (Bulgaria and Ukraine), and a Synthesis Report that places the Country Case Studies within the context of the region as a whole (as examined through a desk review of literature). The studies focus on the agriculture, livestock/pasture, and forestry sectors.

USAID has been promoting land privatization throughout the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe with the expectation that private ownership and clear land ownership rights will promote rural development in the region. Privatization of land holdings has been seen as a critical component to securing land rights and increasing opportunities for the provision of credit. Additionally, privatization offers incentives for greater investments in land and improved environmental management. This study has two main goals: 1. Explore the relationship between land privatization and economic and environmental outcomes in the selected countries, and examine how these outcomes have evolved; and 2. Develop a deeper understanding of the economic and environmental impact of land privatization in the Eastern Europe and Eurasia (E&E)1 region by analyzing two country case studies and, to the extent possible, extrapolate to the region as a whole.

USAID has been promoting land privatization throughout the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe with the hope that private ownership and clear land ownership rights will promote rural development in the region. Privatization of land holdings has been seen as a critical component of securing land rights, increasing opportunities for provision of credit, and providing incentives for greater investments in land and better environmental management. This report forms one of three reports that explore the relationship between land privatization and economic and environmental outcomes in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (E&E). The three reports include two Country Case Studies (Bulgaria and Ukraine), and a Synthesis Report that places the Country Case Studies within the context of the region as a whole (as examined through desk review of literature). The studies focus on the agriculture, livestock/pasture, and forestry sectors.

This evaluation has been undertaken to evaluate ULTI’s performance and Ukraine’s progress with land market development for the purpose of (1) strengthening USAID’s collaboration with the World Bank (WB) land reform program, (2) improving on its approach to land reform and land market development in the Ukraine, and (3) identifying new strategies and development pathways for assisting Ukraine’s land privatization and land market development.

USAID’s program sought to revitalize the agricultural sector through land privatization and, at the same time, provide the rural population a social safety net. USAID hoped to enhance the ability of small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) to use frozen capital assets, thereby allowing the agricultural sector to recapitalize and accelerate growth in value-added food processing. Transferring ownership of land to rural individuals who have become economically disenfranchised during the transition from a planned to market economy is also expected to improve living standards for the rural poor, most of whom are elderly. Both the success of the USAID-funded Ukraine Land Titling Initiative (ULTI) in developing the land market and its expected result of credit expansion depend on the ability to transfer and mortgage land and property as well as the suitability of land as collateral in the eyes of formal lenders. At USAID’s initiative, this evaluation has been undertaken to evaluate ULTI’s performance and Ukraine’s progress with land market development for the purpose of (1) strengthening USAID’s collaboration with the World Bank (WB) land reform program, (2) improving on its approach to land reform and land market development in the Ukraine, and (3) identifying new strategies and development pathways for assisting Ukraine’s land privatization and land market development.

This document provides a framework for analyzing land reform, property rights, and land privatization in Kyrgyzstan, examines the current system of property rights and privatization in Kyrgyzstan, and summarizes recommendations for further action.